Exploring Alternative Trajectories
Exploring Alternative Trajectories
Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania
This chapter expands the boundaries of comparison to include three additional postcommunist EU applicant-states over the same time frame as the previous chapters: Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania. These case studies offer further support that hard-right backlash against transnational norms builds activism even where extant domestic mobilizing structures are weak. At the same time, they highlight new variations-the possibility of extraparliamentary backlash, the consequences of backlash in the absence of external leverage, and the trade-off between policy gains and grassroots participation. These variations open up vistas for applying the argument beyond Eastern Europe.
Keywords: Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, extraparliamentary backlash, grassroots participation
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