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(p.223) Index
(p.223) Index
acceptance. See parents’ acceptance of children
Agnes, in gender theory, 133
attention deficit disorder (ADD), 120
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 121
Bem, Sandra, 23
Bettcher, Talia, 158
binary. See binary/nonbinary identities and possibilities
binary/nonbinary identities and possibilities, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 35, 93–129, 166–69. See also nonbinary
biological/biomedical frameworks:
children’s embodiment perspectives in, 142–45;
natural biological variation in, 151–52;
biomedical frameworks, 142–45, 157–58, 170–71;
LGBTQ politics and, 171;
of medical professionals, 151;
pregnancy comparison, 207n5
birth sex. See assigned sex at birth
body dysphoria, 9, 58, 66, 142–45, 154, 158–59, 170–71;
verbal declarations of, 58–59, 142–45, 154. See also body modification; gender dysphoria; wrong body narratives
body modification, of trans children:
Butler, Judith, 72
child-centered/child-driven/child-rooted parenting, 18–23, 34, 38, 64, 105, 157, 162, 165, 172–73. See also intensive parenting
childhood development/socialization, 21–23
childhood, historical conceptions, 18–19
child-rooted, 7, 35, 36, 64, 86, 91, 165, 168, 172, 201n109. See also child-centered/child-driven/child-rooted parenting
cisgender, 10, 113–14, 121–26, 167–68;
birth defect analogies and, 171;
queer deconstructionist questioning of, 171
Clare, Eli, 134
class:
intensive child-centered parenting and, 18–21;
Collins, Patricia Hill, 16
CPS. See Child Protective Services
desist/desistence. See persist, desist trends
de-transgendered, 169–70
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 25, 26, 62, 81, 151, 198n65, 199n76, 204n20
Dutch Model, 27
effememania, 97
feminine boys, 25
femininity:
feminist. See feminism
Foucault, Michel, 17
Gamson, Joshua, 201n1
Garfinkel, Harold, 132
gay:
older brother effect and male gay children, 204;
gay rights movement. See LGBT
gay/trans distinction. See gender/sexuality distinction
gender:
gender identity/sexual orientation distinction. See gender/sexuality distinction
gender inequality, 97
gender-nonconforming/gender nonconformity:
overview, 8–11;
children in participant reference chart, 179–80;
children in research (see research);
transgender boys who are, 104–07
gender-nonconforming/truly trans distinction, 69
gender-normative, 121
gender revolution, 93
gender/sexuality distinction, 203n1;
alternative understandings from, 164–165;
Bryant’s scholarship and, 72;
Butler’s heterosexual matrix and, 72;
overview, 30–31;
social constructionism on, 71–72;
gender spectrum. See spectrum
Green, Richard, 196n7
Hagerman, Margaret, 20
Halberstam, Judith Jack, 203n16
Halloween, 49
Hays, Sharon, 19–20
heteronormative:
in trans-affirmative parenting paradigm, 155–56
hierarchies of stigma, 96
indicators of trans children’s identities:
child’s distress as, 81;
intensive mothering, 19–20
intensive parenting, 8, 18–21, 65, 162, 172–73;
intersectionality, race, class and, 18–21;
as sociohistorical context, 18–23. See also child-centered/child-driven/child-rooted parenting; intensive mothering
internet research, 60
intersectionality/intersections with race and class, 6, 18–21, 31, 32, 132, 134–35, 182. See also class; race
intersex, 115
Jacobs, Jason, 156
Jennings, Jeanette, 136–37
Kane, Emily, 24
Lamble, Sarah, 21
LGBT:
as assimilationist, 31;
Martin, Karin, 24
masculinity:
medical interventions/medical treatment:
Molio, Dr., 156
mothering, intensive, 19–20
normalization:
of gay identity, 29;
of gender nonconforming, 136;
by parents of LGBTQ youth, 156;
of transgender, 135
neurodivergence, 4,121
parenting, 18–24. See also child-centered/child-driven/child-rooted parenting; feminism; trans-affirmative parenting
parents in sample:
Beth and Barry, 123–26;
Bill, 140;
binary gender identity of trans children and, 96;
Carolyn, 51;
as cisgender and heterosexual, 33;
deliberations over their children’s trans/gender-nonconforming possibilities, 93–129;
de-transgendered children of, 169–70;
Emilio, 59;
gender binary and nonbinary politics of, 107–12;
on gender-nonconforming/truly trans distinction, 69;
gender spectrum and, 93;
gender stereotypes and, 173;
hormone treatment and, 96;
intensive child-centered parenting of, 173;
mainstream LGBT rights/discourses and, 94–95;
Marco, 40–42;
Michelle, 87;
Patrice, 60;
as queer, 33;
reasons for participation of, 16;
Rita, 55;
Sam, 110–11;
two cohorts and samples of, 13–16;
parents of trans boys:
parents of trans girls compared to, 49–50;
participant reference chart, 179–80
parents of trans girls:
parents of trans boys compared to, 49–50;
participant reference chart, 179–80
Pogrebin, Letty Cottin, 198n57
privacy, 7, 36, 129;
coaching children in bodily comportments and, 132–33;
parents’ alternative open position to, 136–39;
parents’ preference for, 136–39;
power of others who know and, 139–42;
public advocacy and, 136–37;
risk and safety in, 138–39;
stigma and, 141
qualitative analyses, 195n3
Raymond, Janice, 206n23
research:
on LGBTQ youth and their families, 162;
on normative gender development, 24–25;
psychiatric studies on gender-nonconforming and trans kids, 25–28, 70, 72, 75–82, 89–90, 199n69–71, 199n78, 199n81, 204n18;
on trans youth and homelessness, 197n21
Robertson, Mary, 10
second-wave feminism, 40
sex. See assigned sex at birth
Singal, Jesse, 28
The “Sissy Boy Syndrome” (Green), 196n7
sociology, of trans-affirmative parenting, 36
TERF. See trans-exclusionary radical feminist
they/them pronouns, 93
tomgirls, 167–68
trans-affirmative parenting:
as fad, 80;
feminist parenting and, 67;
overview, 5–8;
sociology of, 36;
summary of, 161–74
trans boys:
social pressures on, 128;
trans children:
accounts by, 10;
with autism, 2–5;
childhood gender transition, 27–28;
“invention” of, 17;
as not included in research on trans-affirmative parenting, 11;
trans children, in research on trans-affirmative parenting:
trans children, self-identifications:
therapists on, 78–79;
trans embodiment:
transer-than-thou, 96
transgender adults/persons:
Cory, 111–112;
medico-psychological establishment and, 66;
passing privilege and, 134–35;
role in parent-advocacy community, 82;
trans-misogyny and, 97;
visibility politics and, 133
Trans Kids (Meadow), 6
trans-normative politics, 32
trans-of-color critiques, 32
trans persons. See transgender adults/persons
transsexual terminology, transgender terminology compared to, 9
trans youth:
of gender revolution, 93;
Ward, Jane, 205n5
wrong body narratives, 146–47;