Circulations
Circulations
Evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity in Nineteenth-Century Singapore and Penang
This chapter is about the emplacement of evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity in nineteenth-and early twentieth-century Singapore and Penang. Through archival and field research the chapter demonstrates the early indigenization of evangelism, through the agency of independent lay missionaries such as the Brethren Movement and their Asian coworkers, and the creation of independent, locally led churches, whose revivalist impact was felt across Southeast Asia. Moreover, the chapter discusses how improved communication and travel facilitated this interconnected world for Christians, even in early modernity. It also pays particular attention to the negotiations between local Christians and missionaries over the education and religious leadership of women, which led to the eventual transformation of gender roles in Asia.
Keywords: Singapore, Penang, indigenization, Brethren Movement, Southeast Asia, gender roles
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