This chapter examines a new set of challenges facing Jewish women in the peace movement during the 1930s. As the international scene deteriorated, the Depression spread worldwide, and Hitler rose to power, the female and Jewish identities that underlay American Jewish women's peace activism steadily came into conflict with each other. Eventually, most Jewish women in the peace movement faced a crucial choice between their political beliefs and their religious, ethnic, and cultural identities. Decades of committed peace work at home and abroad, meaningful friendships, and synthesis of gender and religious identity could not withstand what most American Jewish women considered an existential threat to the survival of Jews and Judaism.