This chapter focuses on the role of the churches in the post-emancipation era and the emergence of the distinction between “mainline” churches (European-derived, with high status) and “clap-hand” churches (Evangelical and Pentecostal groups that originated mainly in the United States and are associated with lower classes). The 1900s were marked by the departure of Europe from the Caribbean as colonies struggled for their independence. But as European powers faded into the background, the United States emerged as a dominating presence. With this came the arrival of Protestant missionaries in formerly Spanish Roman Catholic colonies. There was also an explosion of Pentecostalism and Evangelical Christianity across Latin America and the Caribbean.